Royal Jelly

Last Editorial Review: 6/11/2021
Other Name(s):

Apis mellifera, Bee Saliva, Bee Spit, Gelée Royale, Honey Bee Milk, Honey Bee's Milk, Jalea Real, Lait des Abeilles, Royal Bee Jelly.

Overview

Royal jelly is a milky secretion produced by worker honey bees. It typically contains about 60% to 70% water, 12% to 15% proteins, 10% to 16% sugar, 3% to 6% fats, and 2% to 3% vitamins, salts, and amino acids. Its composition varies depending on geography and climate. This product gets its name from the fact that bees use it for the development and nurturing of queen bees. Some people use royal jelly as medicine. Don't confuse royal jelly with bee pollen or bee venom.

Royal jelly is used for asthma, hay fever, liver disease, pancreatitis, sleep troubles (insomnia), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), stomach ulcers, kidney disease, bone fractures, menopausal symptoms, skin disorders, and high cholesterol. It is also used as a general health tonic, for fighting the effects of aging, and for boosting the immune system.

Some people apply royal jelly directly to the skin as a tonic or to the scalp to encourage hair growth.

How does it work?

There is very little scientific information available about the effects of royal jelly in people. In animals, royal jelly seems to have some activity against tumors and the development of “hardening of the arteries.”

QUESTION

Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See Answer

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for...

  • Menopausal symptoms. Some research shows that taking a specific product containing royal jelly and flower pollen (Melbrosia) by mouth for 12 weeks can reduce menopausal symptoms and improve feelings of well-being in menopausal women. Another specific product containing royal jelly, evening primrose oil, damiana, and ginseng (Lady 4) may also decrease menopausal symptoms.

Possibly Ineffective for...

  • Seasonal allergies (hayfever). Taking a specific royal jelly product (Bidro) by mouth for 3-6 months before and during pollen season does not seem to improve nasal congestion, sneezing, or eye discomfort in children with hayfever.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

  • Diabetic foot ulcers. Early research shows that applying a specific ointment containing royal jelly and panthenol (Pediphar) for up to 6 months after cleansing and removal of dead tissue may improve the healing of diabetic foot ulcers.
  • Infertility. Early research shows that applying a solution containing royal jelly, Egyptian bee honey, and bee bread to the vagina for 2 weeks may increase the rate of pregnancy in couples with fertility problems due to reduced sperm movement (asthenozoospermia).
  • High cholesterol. Early research suggests that injecting royal jelly, or taking royal jelly under the tongue or by mouth for 2-11 weeks, might lower cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol.
  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) . Early research shows that taking a specific product (Femal, Natumin Pharma) containing royal jelly, bee pollen extract, and bee pollen with pistil extract by mouth for 2 menstrual cycles seems to decrease certain symptoms of PMS including irritability, weight increases, and swelling.
  • Asthma.
  • Liver disease.
  • Pancreatitis.
  • Trouble sleeping (insomnia) .
  • Stomach ulcers.
  • Kidney disease.
  • Bone fractures.
  • Skin disorders.
  • Baldness.
  • Boosting immunity.
  • Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of royal jelly for these uses.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

Side Effects

Royal jelly is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth appropriately. A specific product containing a combination of royal jelly, bee pollen extract, and bee pollen plus pistol extract (Femal by Natumin Pharma) has been used safely for up to 2 months. Another combination product containing royal jelly and flower pollen (Melbrosia) has been used safely for up to 3 months. Royal jelly might cause serious allergic reactions including asthma, swelling of the throat, and death. Rarely, it might cause the colon to bleed, accompanied by stomach pain and bloody diarrhea.

Royal jelly is also POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the skin appropriately. However, it has caused inflammation and allergic rash when applied to the scalp.

SLIDESHOW

Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See Slideshow

Special Precautions & Warnings

Children: Royal jelly is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth for up to 6 months.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of using royal jelly if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Asthma or allergies: Don't use royal jelly if you have asthma or allergies to bee products. It could cause some serious reactions, even death.

Inflamed skin (dermatitis): Royal jelly might make dermatitis worse.

Low blood pressure: Royal jelly might lower blood pressure. If your blood pressure is already low, taking royal jelly might make it drop too much.

Interactions


Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Royal jelly seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking royal jelly along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.

Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.


Warfarin (Coumadin)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Royal jelly might increase the effects of warfarin (Coumadin). Taking royal jelly with warfarin (Coumadin) might result in an increased chance of bruising or bleeding.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of royal jelly depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for royal jelly. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

FDA Logo

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

Abd-Alhafiz AT, Abd-Almonem J. A simple treatment for asthenozoospermia-related subfertility: midcyclic pericoital vaginal micronized progesterone, bee honey and royal jelly. XVIII FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006;4(82)

Abdelatif, M., Yakoot, M., and Etmaan, M. Safety and efficacy of a new honey ointment on diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective pilot study. J.Wound.Care 2008;17(3):108-110. View abstract.

Andersen, A. H., Mortensen, S., Agertoft, L., and Pedersen, S. [Double-blind randomized trial of the effect of Bidro on hay fever in children]. Ugeskr.Laeger 9-19-2005;167(38):3591-3594. View abstract.

Baldo, B. A. Allergies to wheat, yeast and royal jelly: a connection between ingestion and inhalation? Monogr Allergy 1996;32:84-91. View abstract.

Bellegris, Agnes. Bee Pollen and Royal Jelly. Alive: Canadian Journal of Health & Nutrition. 1995;152(34)

Boukraa, L. and Sulaiman, S. A. Rediscovering the antibiotics of the hive. Recent Pat Antiinfect.Drug Discov. 2009;4(3):206-213. View abstract.

Boukraa, Laïd. Additive Activity of Royal Jelly and Honey Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Alternative Medicine Review. 2008;13(4):330-333.

Calli C, Tugyan K Oncel S Pýnar E Demirtaþoglu F Calli A Yucel B Yýlmaz O Kiray A. Effectiveness of Royal Jelly on Tympanic Membrane Perforations: An Experimental Study. Journal of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery. 2008;37(2):179-184.

Chun SY, Feng TY Fu SY Kwong CC Jing GC. Royal jelly inhibited N-acetylation and metabolism of 2-aminofluorene in human liver tumor cells (J5). Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2005;87:83-90.

Chupin SP, Sivokhov VL Bulnaeva GI. Use of Apilak (royal jelly) in sports medicine. Sports Training, Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1988;1(1):13-15.

El-Fiky S, Othman E Balabel E Abd-Elbaset S. The Protective Role of Royal Jelly Against Mutagenic Effect of driamycin and Gamma Radiation Separately and in Combination. Trends in Applied Sciences Research. 2008;3(4):303-318.

Erem, C., Deger, O., Ovali, E., and Barlak, Y. The effects of royal jelly on autoimmunity in Graves' disease. Endocrine. 2006;30(2):175-183. View abstract.

Feng TJ, Sun YB. Determination of 10-HDA in royal jelly preparations using TLC-UV spectrometry. Journal of China Pharmacy (China). 1993;4:13-15.

Fleche, C., Clement, M. C., Zeggane, S., and Faucon, J. P. [Contamination of bee products and risk for human health: situation in France]. Rev.Sci.Tech. 1997;16(2):609-619. View abstract.

Fontana, R., Mendes, M. A., de Souza, B. M., Konno, K., Cesar, L. M., Malaspina, O., and Palma, M. S. Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera). Peptides 2004;25(6):919-928. View abstract.

Fujiwara, S., Imai, J., Fujiwara, M., Yaeshima, T., Kawashima, T., and Kobayashi, K. A potent antibacterial protein in royal jelly. Purification and determination of the primary structure of royalisin. J.Biol.Chem. 7-5-1990;265(19):11333-11337. View abstract.

Gasic S, Vucevic D Vasilijic S Antunovic M Chinou I Colic M. Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Activities of Royal Jelly Components In Vitro. Immunopharmacology & Immunotoxicology. 2007;3-4:521-536.

Guo, H., Ekusa, A., Iwai, K., Yonekura, M., Takahata, Y., and Morimatsu, F. Royal jelly peptides inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2008;54(3):191-195. View abstract.

Guo, H., Saiga, A., Sato, M., Miyazawa, I., Shibata, M., Takahata, Y., and Morimatsu, F. Royal jelly supplementation improves lipoprotein metabolism in humans. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2007;53(4):345-348. View abstract.

Hamerlinck, F. F. Neopterin: a review. Exp.Dermatol. 1999;8(3):167-176. View abstract.

Hammerl, H. and Pichler O. Vorlfiufiger Bericht tiber die Behandlung der Arteriosclerose mit Gelee Royale-Holzinger. Z.Med. 1957;13-14:364.

Hammerl, H. Pichler O. Zur Therapie mit Apffortyl. Medsche Klin. 1960;45:2015-2021.

Harada, S., Moriyama, T., and Tanaka, A. [Two cases of royal jelly allergy provoked the symptoms at the time of their first intake]. Arerugi 2011;60(6):708-713. View abstract.

Harwood, M., Harding, S., Beasley, R., and Frankish, P. D. Asthma following royal jelly. N.Z.Med.J. 8-23-1996;109(1028):325. View abstract.

Hattori, N., Nomoto, H., Fukumitsu, H., Mishima, S., and Furukawa, S. Royal jelly and its unique fatty acid, 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, promote neurogenesis by neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro. Biomed.Res. 2007;28(5):261-266. View abstract.

Hayakawa, K., Katsumata, N., Hirano, M., Yoshikawa, K., Ogata, T., Tanaka, T., and Nagamine, T. Determination of biotin (vitamin H) by the high-performance affinity chromatography with a trypsin-treated avidin-bound column. J.Chromatogr.B Analyt.Technol.Biomed.Life Sci. 6-15-2008;869(1-2):93-100. View abstract.

Huang, Q., Du, Z. W., Xu, G. D., Liu, Z. Y., Guo, Y. H., Chen, G. L., Ma, W. X., Tan, Q. Y., Xu, Q. N., Li, B., and . [Establishment of human glioma cell line--nude mice solid tumor model NHG-1 and its characteristics]. Zhonghua Zhong.Liu Za Zhi. 1987;9(4):269-272. View abstract.

Inoue, S., Koya-Miyata, S., Ushio, S., Iwaki, K., Ikeda, M., and Kurimoto, M. Royal Jelly prolongs the life span of C3H/HeJ mice: correlation with reduced DNA damage. Exp.Gerontol. 2003;38(9):965-969. View abstract.

Kaczor, M. Koltek A. and Matuszewski J. The effect of Royal Jelly on blood lipids in atheromatic subjects. Polski Tygod.tek. 1962;17:140-144.

Kamakura, M., Mitani, N., Fukuda, T., and Fukushima, M. Antifatigue effect of fresh royal jelly in mice. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2001;47(6):394-401. View abstract.

Kamakura, M., Moriyama, T., and Sakaki, T. Changes in hepatic gene expression associated with the hypocholesterolaemic activity of royal jelly. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 2006;58(12):1683-1689. View abstract.

Kanbur, M., Eraslan, G., Beyaz, L., Silici, S., Liman, B. C., Altinordulu, S., and Atasever, A. The effects of royal jelly on liver damage induced by paracetamol in mice. Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 2009;61(2):123-132. View abstract.

Katayama, M., Aoki, M., and Kawana, S. Case of anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly. J.Dermatol. 2008;35(4):222-224. View abstract.

Khoury R. Inquest into Royal Jelly Death. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society. 1997;3(2):62.

Kimura, Y., Washino, N., and Yonekura, M. N-linked sugar chains of 350-kDa royal jelly glycoprotein. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 1995;59(3):507-509. View abstract.

King, D. S., Baskerville, R., Hellsten, Y., Senchina, D. S., Burke, L. M., Stear, S. J., and Castell, L. M. A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance-Part 34. Br.J.Sports Med. 2012;46(9):689-690. View abstract.

Knol, R. J., Doornbos, T., van den Bos, J. C., de, Bruin K., Pfaffendorf, M., Aanhaanen, W., Janssen, A. G., Vekemans, J. A., van Eck-Smit, B. L., and Booij, J. Synthesis and evaluation of iodinated TZTP-derivatives as potential radioligands for imaging of muscarinic M2 receptors with SPET. Nucl.Med.Biol. 2004;31(1):111-123. View abstract.

Kodai T, Umebayashi K Nakatani T Ishiyama K Noda N. Compositions of royal jelly II. organic acid glycosides and sterols of the royal jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Japan). 2007;55:1528-1531.

Kolarov, G., Nalbanski, B., Kamenov, Z., Orbetsova, M., Georgiev, S., Nikolov, A., and Marinov, B. [Possibilities for an individualized approach to the treatment of climacteric symptoms with phytoestrogens]. Akush.Ginekol.(Sofiia) 2001;40(4):18-21. View abstract.

Koya-Miyata, S., Okamoto, I., Ushio, S., Iwaki, K., Ikeda, M., and Kurimoto, M. Identification of a collagen production-promoting factor from an extract of royal jelly and its possible mechanism. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2004;68(4):767-773. View abstract.

Kristoffersen, K., Thomsen, B. W., Schacke, E., and Wagner, H. H. [Use of natural medicines in women referred to specialists]. Ugeskr.Laeger 1-13-1997;159(3):294-296. View abstract.

Laporte, J. R., Ibaanez, L., Vendrell, L., and Ballarin, E. Bronchospasm induced by royal jelly. Allergy 1996;51(6):440. View abstract.

Lerrer, B., Zinger-Yosovich, K. D., Avrahami, B., and Gilboa-Garber, N. Honey and royal jelly, like human milk, abrogate lectin-dependent infection-preceding Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion. ISME.J. 2007;1(2):149-155. View abstract.

Leung, R., Thien, F. C., Baldo, B., and Czarny, D. Royal jelly-induced asthma and anaphylaxis: clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 1995;96(6 Pt 1):1004-1007. View abstract.

Levi, Julie Rothschild. Royal Jelly. Better Nutrition; 2005;67(5):44.

Librowski, T Czarnecki R. Comparative analysis of Apistmul Crataegi Forte and royal jelly in the experimental heart action disturbance. Herba Polonica (Poland). 2000;46(145):150.

Madar, J., Maly, E., Neubauer, E., and Moscovic, F. [Effect of bee royal jelly (gelee royale) on the cholesterol level, total lipids in the serum and on the fibrinolytic activity of plasma of elderly arteriosclerotic patients]. Z.Alternsforsch. 1965;18(2):103-108. View abstract.

Mannoor MK, Shimabukuro I Tsukamotoa M Watanabe H Yamaguchi K Sato Y. Honeybee royal jelly inhibits autoimmunity in SLE-prone NZB × NZW F1 mice. Lupus. 2009;18(1):44-52.

Mishima, S., Suzuki, K. M., Isohama, Y., Kuratsu, N., Araki, Y., Inoue, M., and Miyata, T. Royal jelly has estrogenic effects in vitro and in vivo. J.Ethnopharmacol. 10-3-2005;101(1-3):215-220. View abstract.

Miyata, T. Novel approach to curatives of Mibyou (presymptomatic diseases). Yakugaku Zasshi 2011;131(9):1289-1298. View abstract.

Miyata, T. Pharmacological basis of traditional medicines and health supplements as curatives. J.Pharmacol.Sci. 2007;103(2):127-131. View abstract.

Mizutani, Y., Shibuya, Y., Takahashi, T., Tsunoda, T., Moriyama, T., and Seishima, M. Major royal jelly protein 3 as a possible allergen in royal jelly-induced anaphylaxis. J.Dermatol. 2011;38(11):1079-1081. View abstract.

Morita, H., Ikeda, T., Kajita, K., Fujioka, K., Mori, I., Okada, H., Uno, Y., and Ishizuka, T. Effect of royal jelly ingestion for six months on healthy volunteers. Nutr.J. 2012;11:77. View abstract.

Munstedt, K., Henschel, M., Hauenschild, A., and von, Georgi R. Royal jelly increases high density lipoprotein levels but in older patients only. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2009;15(4):329-330. View abstract.

Murakami, K., Fujioka, T., Nasu, M., Inage, T., Nishimiya, M., Matsunaga, K., Saburi, Y., and Moriuchi, A. [A case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis induced by "royal jelly"]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1994;91(9):1447-1450. View abstract.

Nagai, T., Inoue, R., Suzuki, N., and Nagashima, T. Antioxidant properties of enzymatic hydrolysates from royal jelly. J.Med.Food 2006;9(3):363-367. View abstract.

Nakajin S, Taguchi M Akiyama Y Shinoda M. Determination of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid in royal jelly by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 1982;102:549-554.

Nakaya, M., Onda, H., Sasaki, K., Yukiyoshi, A., Tachibana, H., and Yamada, K. Effect of royal jelly on bisphenol A-induced proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2007;71(1):253-255. View abstract.

No Author Listed. Review of royal jelly. Australian Nursing Journal. 1997;5(2):11.

No Author Listed. The View From Wall Street: Battle Royal Jelly. Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients. 1993;125:1236.

Nomura M, Maruo N Zamami Y Takatori S Doi S Kawasaki H. Effect of long-term treatment with royal jelly on insulin resistance in Otsuka. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007;127(11):1877-1882.

O'Connell, N. It's all the buzz. Nurs.Stand. 11-2-2005;20(8):22-24. View abstract.

Okamoto, I., Taniguchi, Y., Kunikata, T., Kohno, K., Iwaki, K., Ikeda, M., and Kurimoto, M. Major royal jelly protein 3 modulates immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci. 9-5-2003;73(16):2029-2045. View abstract.

PAVERO, A. and CAVIGLIA, E. [Royal jelly and its applications in therapy]. Arch.Maragliano.Patol.Clin. 1957;13(4):1023-1033. View abstract.

Peacock S. Respiratory distress and royal jelly. BMJ 1995;311(7018):1472.

Peacock, S., Murray, V., and Turton, C. Respiratory distress and royal jelly. BMJ 12-2-1995;311(7018):1472. View abstract.

Peichev, P., Khadzhiev, V., Nikiforov, N., Zakharieva, Z., and Kavrykova, K. [Results of the combined use of some bee products--honey, royal jelly and bee pollen in geriatrics]. Folia Med.(Plovdiv.) 1966;8(6):329-333. View abstract.

Pollet, S., Bottex-Gauthier, C., Li, M., Potier, P., Favier, A., and Vidal, D. Insight into some of the signaling pathways triggered by a lipid immunomodulator. Immunopharmacol.Immunotoxicol. 2002;24(4):527-546. View abstract.

Salazar-Olivo, L. A. and Paz-Gonzalez, V. Screening of biological activities present in honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly. Toxicol.In Vitro 2005;19(5):645-651. View abstract.

Scheer JF. Dethrone aging with royal jelly. Better Nutrition for Today's Living. 1995;57(6):46.

Shinoda M, Nakajin S Oikawa T Sato K Kamogawa AT. Biochemical studies on vasodilative factor in royal jelly. Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (Japan). 1978;98:139-145.

Sieder, C. [Comment on Edith Szanto, Doris Gruber, M. Sator, W. Knogler and J. C. Huber: Placebo controlled study of Melbrosia in treatment of climacteric symptoms]. Wien.Med.Wochenschr. 1995;145(1):17. View abstract.

Sitar, J. and Cernochova, Z. [Treatment of stenocardia with Vita-Apinol SPOFA. On some metabolic effects of the drug]. Vnitr.Lek. 1968;14(8):798-805. View abstract.

Sova O, Surzin J Grega B. Contribution to investigation of chemical composition of royal jelly. Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie (Czechoslovakia). 1973;22:61-65.

Sultana, A., Nabi, A. H., Nasir, U. M., Maruyama, H., Suzuki, K. M., Mishima, S., and Suzuki, F. A dipeptide YY derived from royal jelly proteins inhibits renin activity. Int.J.Mol.Med. 2008;21(6):677-681. View abstract.

Supabphol, R. Antibacterial activity of royal jelly Royalisin: potent antibacterial protein from royal jelly. Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Thailand). 1995;22:33-38.

Suzuki, K. M., Isohama, Y., Maruyama, H., Yamada, Y., Narita, Y., Ohta, S., Araki, Y., Miyata, T., and Mishima, S. Estrogenic activities of Fatty acids and a sterol isolated from royal jelly. Evid.Based.Complement Alternat.Med. 2008;5(3):295-302. View abstract.

Szanto, E., Gruber, D., Sator, M., Knogler, W., and Huber, J. C. [Placebo-controlled study of melbrosia in treatment of climacteric symptoms]. Wien.Med.Wochenschr. 1994;144(7):130-133. View abstract.

Takahama, H. and Shimazu, T. Food-induced anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly. J.Dermatol. 2006;33(6):424-426. View abstract.

Taniguchi et al. Oral administration of Royal Jelly inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3(9):1313-1324.

Testi, S., Cecchi, L., Severino, M., Manfredi, M., Ermini, G., Macchia, D., Capretti, S., and Campi, P. Severe anaphylaxis to royal jelly attributed to cefonicid. J.Investig.Allergol.Clin.Immunol. 2007;17(4):281. View abstract.

Thien, F. C., Leung, R., Plomley, R., Weiner, J., and Czarny, D. Royal jelly-induced asthma. Med.J.Aust. 11-1-1993;159(9):639. View abstract.

Tokunaga, K. H., Yoshida, C., Suzuki, K. M., Maruyama, H., Futamura, Y., Araki, Y., and Mishima, S. Antihypertensive effect of peptides from royal jelly in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2004;27(2):189-192. View abstract.

Toman, A. and Kreze, M. [Influence of royal jelly on the excretion of gonadotropins in healthy males]. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 1972;57(3):349-352. View abstract.

Vinogradova, T. V. and Zajcev G. P. Pcela i zdorovie celoveka (Bee and the health of man). Roselschozizdat Moskva 1964;1.

Vittek, J. and Kresanek J. A contribution to chemical investigation of royal jelly and possibilities of applying it in therapy. Acta pharm.Pharmac., Bohemoslov. 1965;10:83-125.

Vittek, J. and Tajmirova, O. Effect of royal jelly on mitotic activity of lymphocytes. Biologia.(Bratisl.) 1968;23(9):699-702. View abstract.

Viuda-Martos, M., Ruiz-Navajas, Y., Fernandez-Lopez, J., and Perez-Alvarez, J. A. Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. J Food Sci 2008;73(9):R117-R124. View abstract.

Zamami, Y., Takatori, S., Goda, M., Koyama, T., Iwatani, Y., Jin, X., Takai-Doi, S., and Kawasaki, H. Royal jelly ameliorates insulin resistance in fructose-drinking rats. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2008;31(11):2103-2107. View abstract.

Zhang X, Yang RF Zhang SY. Analysis and evaluation of ginseng honey and ginseng royal jelly. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal (China). 1991;26:82-84.

Abdelhafiz, A. T. and Muhamad, J. A. Midcycle pericoital intravaginal bee honey and royal jelly for male factor infertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008;101(2):146-149. View abstract.

Albert S, Bhattacharya D, Klaudiny J, et al. The family of major royal jelly proteins and its evolution. J Mol Evol 1999;49:290-297. View abstract.

Bullock RJ, et al. Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma. Med J Aust 1994;160:44.

Bullock RJ, Rohan A, Straatmans JA. Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma. Med J Aust 1994;160:44. View abstract.

Einer-Jensen N, Zhao J, Andersen KP, Kristoffersen K. Cimicifuga and Melbrosia lack oestrogenic effects in mice and rats. Maturitas 1996;25:149-53. View abstract.

Georgiev DB, Metka M, Huber JC, et al. Effects of an herbal medication containing bee products on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk markers: results of a pilot open-uncontrolled trial. MedGenMed 2004;6:46. View abstract.

Harwood M, Harding S, Beasley R, Frankish PD. Asthma following royal jelly. N Z Med J 1996;109:325.

Laporte JR, Ibaanez L, Vendrell L, Ballarin E. Bronchospasm induced by royal jelly. Allergy 1996;51:440.

Lee NJ, Fermo JD. Warfarin and royal jelly interaction. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:583-6. View abstract.

Leung R, Ho A, Chan J, et al. Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:333-6. View abstract.

Leung R, Thien FC, Baldo B, et al. Royal jelly-induced asthma and anaphylaxis: clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;96:1004-7.

Lombardi C, Senna GE, Gatti B, et al. Allergic reactions to honey and royal jelly and their relationship with sensitization to compositae. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1998;26:288-90. View abstract.

Peacock S, Murray V, Turton C. Respiratory distress and royal jelly. BMJ 1995;311:1472.

Roger A, Rubira N, Nogueiras C, et al. [Anaphylaxis caused by royal jelly]. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1995;23:133-5. View abstract.

Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ. Thyroid hormone use and bone mineral density in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2005-7. View abstract.

Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997;17:342-56. View abstract.

Takahashi M, Matsuo I, Ohkido M. Contact dermatitis due to honeybee royal jelly. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:452-5. View abstract.

Takahashi M, Matsuo I, Ohkido M. Contact dermatitis due to honeybee royal jelly. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:452-5. View abstract.

Thien FC, Leung R, Baldo BA, et al. Asthma and anaphylaxis induced by royal jelly. Clin Exp Allergy 1996;26:216-22. View abstract.

Vittek J. Effect of royal jelly on serum lipids in experimental animals and humans with atherosclerosis. Experientia 1995;51:927-35. View abstract.

Winther K, Hedman C. Assessment of the Effects of the Herbal Remedy Femal on the Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2002;63:344-53..

Yakoot M, Salem A, and Omar AM. Effectiveness of a herbal formula in women with menopausal syndrome. Forsch Komplementmed 2011;18(5):264-268. View abstract.

Yonei Y, Shibagaki K, Tsukada N, et al. Case report: haemorrhagic colitis associated with royal jelly intake. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;12:495-9. View abstract.